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Bei schwierigen Werkstoffen oder Teilen wird eine Warmstauchung angewendet, um die Umformkräfte niedrig zu halten.
Upsetting processes include surfacing, compression surface finishing and sizing.
Compression energy (sound pressure) and kinetic energy (sound particle velocity in ) are transported as sound energy and converted into each other.
As a rule, the flow curve is generated at room temperate in a uniaxial tensile test in the area of uniform elongation or in a uniaxial compression test.