Copper

Copper is a semi-noble, heavy transition metal with a bright reddish-brown metallic appearance. It is tough, soft and easy to shape and stretch. It is difficult to cast, though, because it tends to absorb hydrogen, and its tendency to smear results in limited machinability.

During oxidation, copper forms a layer (patina) of basic copper hydroxides and copper carbonates that leads to passivation. Types of copper containing oxygen exhibit a tendency towards hydrogen embrittlement. Cracks and hollows form when a workpiece is subjected to elevated temperatures during processes such as Welding and soldering.

Copper benefits from good electrical and thermal Conductivity. It is therefore primarily used in electrical engineering and electronics (cables, conductors, etc.), but also in thermotechnology (heat exchangers, heat conductors, etc.). Other applications include reflectors for infrared radiation (CO₂ lasers), coins and handicrafts. Due to its antibacterial action, copper is also often used for water pipes in the construction industry.